Electric automobiles
Century we live in extremely dense human needs and relationships , individuals in everyday life often have to go from place to place is to leave . This may be local trips as cities or countries may be inter . Especially between urban and nearby cities automobile use in transportation is the most practical solution . Cars must be moved so the idea Ozit 15 From the eleventh century the majority of people probing and with the help arrange a variety of mechanical car was trying to move . In 1769, French nventor of the first automobile in the sense of today's Nicolas - Joseph Cugnot was carried out by . Cugnot'n which operates with steam power of the car , three-wheel, four-seater and a top speed 3.6 km / h , which was a tool. Automobiles driven by steam power, the risk of explosion , smoke, high noise and wood or coal used as fuel in the vehicle 's quite problematic due to the lack of transportation systems were practical . In 1876, German engineer August Otto Niklaus , four-stroke petrol engine developing tools that are used these days led to the formation of . 20 years after this incident, the number of car producing companies had reached several hundred .Otto's engine without a significant change in the basic principle of cars these days has carried with much success . However, petroleum derivatives burning that occurs when toxic gases and gasoline engines work quite important in mission- lead element with exhaust gas released into the environment is also equipped with gasoline engines used and often replaced used engine oil significantly air and environmental pollution leads to . In addition, the number of motor vehicles of the day goes by very quickly rise and oil depletion point approach , is now an indispensable tool that auto different drive systems with a move to find a way has made it unavoidable . Clean energy source and a common electrical energy out of this release is not possible . This so-called Elektromobili various types of cars are moved by electric motors . An electric car drive system of the electric power supply as a base , is composed of electric motor and control system . Electric cars , waste gases do not constitute , and motor oil to use as a result of eco-friendly in addition to being a mechanical gear box need be , during braking energy back to earn , quiet operation with features such as conventional internal combustion cars with engines against the significant benefits achieved. But used batteries and accumulators are heavy, bulky , the limited capacity and filling times be rather long , but the electric motor power / weight and power / volume ratio to the poor , since it day-to- gasoline cars of the exact location can not receive .BASIC STRUCTURE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ELECTRIC CARBASIC CONSTRUCTION ELECTRIC CARElectric cars have been proposed for the different drive layout . They are completely electrical energy and electrical energy moving through the system of the internal combustion engine is used in conjunction with the mixed systems. Below we will take a brief look at this system .Storage batteries , electric motors and mechanical system resulting from differentialThis structure is conventionally used in internal combustion motor vehicle is a conventional system . The internal combustion engine and the fuel tank , the electric motor and the accumulator and is replaced . The block diagram of the system shown in Figure 1 .Accumulator Figure 1 , the system comprising the electric motor and the mechanical differentialIn addition, the flexibility of controlling the speed of the electric motor gearbox has been removed as a result of the rotation of the motor driving wheels However, the transmission and distribution of power between the wheels in order to regulate it is necessary to use a mechanical differential box .Accumulators and two electric motors used Diferansiyelsiz SystemIn this system, two-wheel drive engaged ( front or rear pair) is driven directly by an independent motor . Suitable for determining the vehicle's engine control rules as well as ensuring optimum traction on different road conditions were not used mechanical driveline efficiency and reduce the need for maintenance while improving reliability is . The block diagram of the system shown in Figure 2 .Figure 2 and the two electric motors used diferansiyelsiz systems AccumulatorStorage batteries , electric motors and internal combustion engines resulting from the Combination SystemOperating in parallel with the electric motor and the internal combustion engine of a vehicle, the mechanical power line are connected simultaneously and continuously . Accordingly move one or the other is moved . This selection of the change in road conditions ( heavy traffic or highway ) , batteries completely discharge or fuel depletion or obligation to provide optimal operation in such cases may be the result . The block diagram shown in Figure 3 the drive system "parallel hybrid system " is called .
Accumulator Figure 3 , the electric motor and the parallel hybrid system comprising an internal combustion engineAccumulators , Electric Motor , Generator and resulting from Internal Combustion Engine Hybrid SystemIn this system, the car always electric motor ( or motors ) are moved by . If the internal combustion engine and generator batteries and electric power line feeding the filling tasks were undertaken. This type of system "serial hybrid system " takes its name .Hybrid systems using only electric power drive systems are more expensive than . However, they have a wider range of applications . In general, the internal combustion engine used in cars when you have to work at different speeds during operation efficiency and waste gas varies in large quantities . However, in serial hybrid system an internal combustion engine , in terms of yield and waste gases , is operated as a constant speed in the optimal speed . Figure 4 of the system a single electric motor and in the case is performed using a mechanical differential housing block diagram is depicted . Figure 5 is also an electric motor is used per wheel block diagram of a series hybrid system shown .Figure 4 is an electric motor and mechanical differential serial hybrid system usedFigure 5 is an electric motor per wheel series hybrid system usedReturning a car's cornering traction load distribution between the wheelsTools that perform traction on different road conditions and circumstances under the wheels ( or a wheel skidding when cornering state was being turned , etc.) should be able to generate the desired torque balanced . For this purpose, the two wheels of the engine torque and speed , electronic differential will be overseen by a control block can be defined as .Mechanical differential gear arrangementFirstly created on a single motor in an automobile , with the aid of transmission of torque and speed can be changed to two-wheel drive engaged drive mechanism that distributes the power is needed . Cars entering the curve of the outside wheel when cornering direction of rotation of road distance greater than the inner ones and they are forced to go faster .Figure 6 shows the car's cornering state . Here the inner and outer side of the bend in the driving wheels that are directly connected to each other going straight return as in the equal speed , given that the outside wheels while dragging the corners if taken , will attempt to decelerate inside . As a result the wheels start to slip and handling will decrease. Further, the fuel consumption increased wear of the tires will be accelerated . Today's cars with internal combustion engines used in almost all of the differential gear assembly in a manner to solve this problem is quite satisfactory .Figure 6 return of the vehicle in case of a bend inside and outside of the bend wheelsHowever, the mechanical differential gear arrangement also has a number of problems and deficiencies . If they are listed briefly ;
Weight .
Mechanical power losses .
Mechanical noise and wear.
The need for regular maintenance and oil changes .Other than these, and perhaps one of the most important road of the inability of the driving wheels ( spin ) as a result of failure to deliver the torque of the wheel , the car and the other is at rest . As long as one is used for electrical drive motor , whether both the internal combustion engine to a differential gear unit that had to be used . The method further makes the drive to each wheel is driven by a separate motor . The motor must be controlled by a set of rules .Author drive connected directly to each wheel electric car with an electric engine system
The method used directly as a result of driving while improving the mechanical efficiency mechanical systems have been simplified .
That had to be used in single-motor system , the drive force to the wheels share the mechanical gear arrangement , and often performed with a system that is not required . Losses as a result , maintenance costs and operating costs are reduced .
Even in the case of failure of the motor other motor vehicle so that the vehicle can carry up to the point of service reliability is increasing.This corresponds to the positive features of both engines to be fed with the same regardless of the supply voltage , the internal combustion motor vehicles used in the differential gear case of the group will be faced with similar problems that arise . Accordingly, when a corner was being turned inside more than to that of the remaining engines will be installed outside . Engine torque is not checked appropriately decreased steering will increase tire wear . This unbalanced load distribution to be examined in detail if desired inner and outer sides of a vehicle in the first bend in the number of revolutions of the wheel that changed the way you need to determine what . Accordingly , shown in Figure 6 car model inside radius R1 a bend w 0 angular speed turn back meanwhile inner wheel R1, the outer if R2 radius one arc will act on it . The inner wheel linear velocity V1, V2 , including the linear speed of the outer wheel ;V1 = R1.W 0 ( 1 )R2.W V2 = 0 ( 2 )RT wheel radius and wheel speeds n1 and n2 , including linear velocity of the wheel can also be written as follows .V1 = 2p rtn1/60 (3)V2 = 2p rtn2/60 (4)( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) and ( 4), using equation (5) can be written.n1/n2 = R1/R2 ( 5 )Engine Torque Control ofOne of the solutions that can be used inside a growing burden by reducing the supply voltage to the engine produces less torque while reducing the loaded outer wheel of the engine by increasing the supply voltage motors equally share the total load can be achieved. Another solution is adopted as in this study , therefore, the torque controlling motor current thereof. In this way, regardless of the number of revolutions of the engine can produce constant torque .Briefly the advantages of making torque control ,
Engines always equally share the load . Thus, the nominal power to be considered when determining a much smaller margin of safety can be selected.
As a result of tire wear under load equally be balanced .
Steering wheel torque control as a result of unequal distribution would be more comfortable .
Torque of the motor current to be controlled in order to control the outcome would have been a natural overload protection .This corresponds to the positive side the wheels spin speeds can reach up to very large . The force exerted on the location of the wheels starts to slip the result of reduced load of the motor driving this wheel will be decreased . Flow control device , reduced engine load current drawn from the source to hold the motor terminal voltage will increase . As a result, further accelerating the wheel spinning will continue to shift . This should be avoided .ANTI-SKID SYSTEM PERFORMED USING FUZZY CONTROLLERFrom the vicinity of the daily life of mankind constantly processes information and makes the decisions required as a result . People naturally have this ability to computers that can be acquired in part with quite a complex operation . Only two different values in the processes of the computers to be defined are using Boolean algebra . These different values { 1, 0 }, { yes, no }, { true, false }, { 5V, 0V } , etc. . can be expressed as , but not more than two numbers . In this case, the computer's internal calculations and do not create a problem in the communication between computers . However, in real world situations encountered and the answers are not always with the exact value . A lot of the answer is " yes ", "no", " bright ", " dark " as many of you will be certain in the form of "maybe" , " dim ", " warm " is like an open-ended uncertainty . In 1965 prof. L. A. Zadeh founded on the base of the computer control system to get a definite value in the intermediate state that is not necessarily possible the use of variables that can be defined in the " Fuzzy Sets " or " fuzzy sets " theory was put forward . Initially this theory in 1974, Dr. Lacking much enthusiasm . E. H. Mamdani was used in a steam engine control . Later in 1980, Denmark F. L. Smidth Co. . made by cement plant is the first commercial application . These days " fuzzy control method" motor speed control auto-pilot in the aircraft or appliances used in homes until it is used in many different fields . The most important advantage of fuzzy control applications of linguistic variables can be used . These variables are created using spoken language or artificial language may be words or phrases . In this way, experiences and ideas of people who specialize in matters transferred to the controller and expert control systems can be realized easily .fuzzy ControlFuzzy control system, the control system from the effects and called fuzzy rules and decide according to the rules , an expert system constitute the size of the control is necessary . Unlike conventional controller Fuzzy controllers can benefit from the experience of expert human user . This feature can not be introduced as the mathematical model for exact or obtainable as a very difficult and expensive systems are extremely important advantages . A complete mathematical model in obtaining the main challenges , the system inherent linearity disorders, system structure change over time , large amplitude and unclassified environmental disruptors effect to work , the sensors accuracy over time of the change and the very precise measurements can not be made as listed. If application users experienced people working with these systems are quite reliable and consistent decisions are observed. In this case the experienced user 's experience can use for precise location of a mathematical model . However, this experience can be expressed using some of the terms of the stereotypes can be quite difficult . Instead easier with experience would be interpreted as linguistic descriptions . Different working conditions with the help of linguistic description that will hit in the head during fuzzy inference rule set is obtained. Below is an example of these rules .IF speed ratio is very large and the amount of steering translated reduce motor current zero- IFHere translated speed ratio and the amount of steering state variables are being monitored during operation . Motor current is the output size , which is determined by the fuzzy controller . Fuzzy controller , consists of three basic parts . Fuzzifiers the two based digital information received from the system with the help of fuzzy membership functions translates to size . Inference machines , fuzzy " IF .... THEN " rules with the help of the fuzzy input variables and output variables determines combines these results . However, this value is still a hazy size . In contrast to the block called defuzzifier fuzzy fuzzifiers one of a magnitude ( stops ) generates the control signal value by obtainingElectronic antiskidFound in ordinary cars used in daily life of the mechanical differential box undoubtedly one of the most important and influential disadvantage wheel skidding as a result of inability to hold it in place in the event of power to the other wheel can not be forwarded . Which are the subject of this study is two-engined car, the other in the case of a wheel can independently generate power . Thus, one of the wheels on the ground floor there is a slippery (snow, mud, ice , etc. ) is not an obstacle to the progress of the car .Through the engine torque control is used for current control is performed. This way the medium flat in the rest of the curve when a bend point with those outside of the wheel speed occurring due to difference of load between the motors can be suppressed to be shared in an unbalanced way . Vehicles go straight or in the course of a curve of one of the wheels begin to slip of the motor is connected in case of a sudden load will be reduced . The current drawn by reduced engine load will be reduced. The result of this strict control current makes the motor control , motor current drive " gas pedal " as determined by pressing the reference value in order to raise the voltage applied to the motor windings will increase . The escalation of the spinning motor will accelerate and we will take it .If one examines the drawbacks of situations that arise primarily on the location of the wheel spinning but the current draw on the power of granting an unnecessary strain as a result of a loss of power will emerge. With a large number of wheel revolutions on the way back negative situation ( puddle of mud , ice, gravel , etc.). Suddenly eliminated, as a result of the traction will be forced to slow down quickly . Moment of inertia of the engine and the wheels , and the current control loop time constant of the tire and the ground is not possible because of the sudden deceleration of a large frictional force will occur . In the meantime, this shortens the life of the tire wear and the car's yaw rapidly will appear at the prospect . What should be done to prevent skidding driver's foot is off the gas pedal by removing the reference current reduction . However, in this case taking the road at the wheel and the car will slow down as a result . As a solution to the above problem set by the drive to spin independently of the reference current , which remains partially or completely unloaded engine rotational speed needs to be used in the rotation control block forcing
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